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<h2><strong>Revenues</strong></h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/da7ddd5a-f4cb-4e80-8c8e-4e14ef0e1b37"></figure><ul><li><strong>BaseRent</strong>: money coming from rent. Rent starts as the product of rentable area times base rent. It increases each year according to a formula that depends on the country/regulation. This formula takes into account:</li><li><strong>Rental pass on Green Capex:</strong> Fraction of Green Capex that leads to an improved primary energy demand of the asset<ul><li><strong>Pass-on rate</strong>: Fraction of modernization (or “green”) Capex that is passed on as an annual rent increase</li><li><strong>Pass-on cap:</strong> Maximum rent increase per square meter and year resulting from modernization Capex.</li><li><strong>Cap horizon (years):</strong> Defines the rolling time period over which the specified pass-on cap applies. If multiple modernization measures occur within this horizon, their cost pass-ons are aggregated to ensure that the pass-on cap is not exceeded within the defined window.</li><li><strong>Zones:</strong> Selection of zones on which the Capex can be passed on.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Rental pass on Energy costs savings:</strong> Fraction of annual energy cost savings that is passed on as annual rent increase.</li><li><strong>Solar PV income / CHP Exports (L):</strong> Money received from energy providers when dumping unused energy into the network or from tenants when selling it in-house for self-consumption.</li><li><strong>PV Exports (T):</strong> Only under specific PV contract conditions, where the net income of PV is not flowing to the landlord but the tenant.</li></ul><h2><strong>Operating costs: OPEX</strong></h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/a38d700e-942d-40a7-856f-109901171c7a"></figure><ul><li><strong>Energy imports:</strong> Money paid by landlord or tenant to providers for energy.</li><li><strong>Component maintenance costs:</strong> Money spent maintaining components supported by Optiml</li><li><strong>Operating costs:</strong> Annually recurring operating costs that are always paid by the landlord. They can be onboarded via Asset Edit.</li><li><strong>CO2 tax:</strong> Money spent for consuming fossil fuels (Gas/Oil) on site.</li></ul><p><strong>Other:</strong></p><ul><li>Accounting-wise, OPEX also takes into account depreciation and interest costs. Note that we track depreciation separately and we don’t consider interest costs. Outside of OPTIML, this definition would usually be called Cash Operating Expenses and tracked in the Operating Cash Flow statement.</li><li>Depreciation: This is relevant for NI and valuation. It is defined as the annualized capital expenditures of installed components.<ul><li>Note that our depreciation is different from accounting depreciation.<ul><li>If a system is replaced before the end of the lifetime, the remaining non depreciated asset is lost and not considered available for depreciation anymore.</li><li>Additionally, we consider scaffolding when depreciating some envelope components even though it is a non capitalizing expense. We do this for valuation purposes.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h2><strong>Capital expenditures: CAPEX</strong></h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/446374f8-3f9b-4c76-add2-53df563c3bbd"></figure><ul><li><strong>Component investment costs:</strong> investment costs resulting from renovating/replacing system, interior or envelope components.</li><li><strong>Scaffolding costs:</strong> costs resulting from renovating the facade. It is tracked separately because it usually cannot be capitalized or passed on to rent. We include it in the depreciation for valuation purposes.</li><li><strong>Planning costs + Risk margin:</strong> Extra costs set with a multiple in asset strategy development.</li><li>Capital expenditures are always paid by the landlord.</li></ul><h4><strong>Total cost for the optimization:</strong></h4><ul><li>This is the function that we optimize for in the “Min cost” optimization.<ul><li>Total cost := OPEX (L+T) + CAPEX(L) - Solar PV Income from grid exports - CHP exports</li><li>Note that it has some revenue components but it is missing some like the rent income.</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Cashflow Reporting</strong></h4><ul><li>NOI: Net operating income := Revenue (L) - OPEX (L)</li><li>NI: Net income := Revenue (L) - OPEX (L) - Depreciation (L)</li><li>NCF: Net Cashflow := Revenue (L) - OPEX (L) - CAPEX (L)</li><li>Total cost := OPEX (L) + CAPEX(L) - Solar PV Income (L) - CHP exports (L)</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Green Capex</strong></h4><p>Green Capex is the portion of capital expenditure that directly contributes to a measurable reduction in Primary Energy Demand (PED), Energy Use Intensity (EUI), or carbon emissions, relative to a hypothetical replacement of the component.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li><strong>Facade:</strong><ul><li>Facade EOL with lower PED/EUI= 700'000 € incl. Scaffolding/planning/risk etc.</li><li>Facade EOL with same PED/EUI = 500'000 € incl. Scaffolding/planning/risk etc.</li><li>Green Capex = 200'000 €</li><li>Scaffolding happens in any case and is never green</li></ul></li><li><strong>Solar PV (kWp)</strong> <i>(&amp; battery in kWh)</i><ul><li>The delta of the EOL PV replacement and a potential PV kWp increase, if it leads to PED reduction:</li><li>PV old: e.g 20 kWp EOL at certain PED due to self consumption = 40'000 €</li><li>PV new: e.g. 30 kWp EOL at lower PED due to self consumption = 50'000 €</li><li>Green Capex = 10'000 €</li></ul></li><li><strong>Lighting/Appliances/Energy saving measures</strong> (BMS, sensors, tenant education, smart thermostats)<ul><li>100% green Capex if it reduces PED</li></ul></li><li><strong>HVAC</strong> <strong>systems</strong><ul><li>HVAC system old with same PED = 300'000 €</li><li>HVAC system new with lower PED = 400'000 €</li><li>Green Capex = 100'000 €</li><li>Additionally for green Capex, we add the additional constraint that the new system cannot be a fossil based system.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Hot water tank/Buffer tank:</strong><ul><li>Never green Capex</li></ul></li><li><strong>HVAC outputs:</strong><ul><li>Never green Capex</li></ul></li><li><strong>Solar thermal:</strong><ul><li>100% green Capex if it reduces PED</li></ul></li></ul><h2><strong>Valuation methods</strong></h2><p>These are the two methods that we might use. Unless stated otherwise, market value uses the first method (Exit perpetuity).</p><p>Note that our optimization works with a single discount rate that can be set by the user as well in Asset Edit. The valuation computation happens after the optimization of measures is done.</p><h4><strong>Valuation (via Exit Perpetuity):</strong>&nbsp;</h4><p>The asset is valued as a financial asset that gives a certain cashflow until the end of time. If the discounting value is positive, the resulting series is converging to the following valuation:</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/822d58bb-2c9b-4fba-bbea-945684db5028"></figure><ul><li>r: discount rate holding period (%)</li><li>y_disc: Discount rate exit (%)</li><li>y_cap: Exit cap rate (%)</li><li>K: exit year</li><li>Note that this valuation does only include cashflows until year K.</li></ul><h4><strong>Valuation (via Exit Annuity):</strong>&nbsp;</h4><p>The asset is valued at exit point K as the sum of the N future cashflows (K year onward) discounted to the present plus the the cashflows from year 1 to K.</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/1ae54af4-8fdb-4ffa-9453-f9d3840cfbc7"></figure><ul><li>r: discount rate</li><li>K: exit</li><li>N: horizon</li><li>For example, we typically use the 90 year, 10 exit annuity valuation, which is the valuation in 10 years of the 90 consequent cashflows discounted to the present.</li><li>The formula equivalence assumes that NI stays constant after year K.</li><li>ExitAnnuity valuation is the same as ExitPerpetuity valuation for big values of N.</li></ul><h2><strong>ROI metrics</strong></h2><ul><li><strong>Net ROI rate:</strong> Net operating income yield measures how valuable is a given asset. The net ROI is computed for the cashflows of the landlord (L).<ul><li>As value, we can use any of the previous valuation methods or the market value if available.</li></ul></li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/830c077b-66cd-4fb6-aac7-cb1ce75715d5"></figure><ul><li><strong>Gross ROI rate:</strong> gross return on investment. Measures yield before any cost.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/89480db8-379e-4e29-a062-268b2cfc647f"></figure><ul><li><strong>Cashflow ROI rate (after renovation):</strong> net return on investment after renovation or CAPEX. Measures yield after all costs. Abnormally low on high CAPEX years. An average over a period should be used to compare.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/719054d0-beaf-44ef-9010-c88c3d9952d4"></figure><h2><strong>IRR metrics</strong></h2><h4><strong>Asset-level IRR</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Purchase Price:</strong> Asset purchase price.</li><li>All cashflows are from a Landlords perspective.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/eae62b3f-a84f-4925-be84-7f409f9975df"></figure><h4><strong>Green measures IRR</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Green Capex:</strong> Fraction of Capex that is considered Green as per methodology.</li><li><strong>Revenue (green/base)</strong>: Revenue of the strategy with green measures or the baseline strategy without green measures.</li><li><strong>OPEX (Green/base):</strong> Opex of the strategy with green measures or the baseline strategy without green measures.</li><li><strong>Capex (Green/base):</strong> Capex of the strategy with green measures (“Green Strategy”) or the baseline strategy (“Not-Green Baseline”) without green measures. The baseline is not the “BASELINE” tagged strategy, it is a unique “Not-Green Baseline” strategy just for the computation of the Green IRR, that is not exposed to users. Below you will find examples of how we compute the Green IRR depending on the component replacement<ul><li>Baseline Examples:<ul><li>Facade: Current facade (what’s currently in the building). U-value: 0.2<ul><li>“Green Strategy”: Facade retrofit. U-value: 0.1, retrofit year: 2030</li><li>“Not-Green Baseline”: Facade retrofit. U-value: 0.2. retrofit year: 2030.<ul><li>Closest u-value to current, representing a replacement with itself, that does not affect PED, EUI or CO2.</li><li>Same year as green strategy.</li><li>We compute a theoretical “Not-Green Baseline”: that represents: What if I just replace the current component with itself in the year that the green strategy defines.</li></ul></li><li>Any envelope component is treated in the same way.</li></ul></li><li>PV: Current: 10 kWp.<ul><li>“Green Strategy”: Retrofit &amp; Increase: 20 kWp. Year: 2030.</li><li>“Not-Green Baseline”: Replacement: 10 kWp at end of life 2040.</li></ul></li><li>HVAC: Current: Gas Boiler (10kW) + Absorption Chiller (10 kW)<ul><li>Green Strategy: Reversible Air Source Heat Pump (15 kW) in 2030<ul><li>e.g. due to better u-value you can install a smaller system</li></ul></li><li>“Not-Green Baseline”: Replacement Gas Boiler (10kW) + Absorption Chiller (10 kW) at end of life 2040</li></ul></li><li>Lighting/Appliances/Energy saving measures:<ul><li>“Green Strategy”: Maybe installs the new lighting</li><li>“Not-Green Baseline”: Keeps current system, but no end of life Capex, as we do not yet have data that represents older systems that are no longer in use. This is a known limitation to the methodology.</li><li>Note: In case the asset has already the newest systems installed already, both strategies will just keep the systems in place. The IRR will be undefined. This holds true for any replacement in which the old and the new system are identical.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/a2e42537-fec1-4768-b07f-cbe715807a85"></figure>

<p><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,60%);">This article describes the different types of investment strategies on the Optiml platform, customization options, and how the optimization algorithms work.</span></p><h3><strong>What types of strategies can I create?</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Asset Strategy Design</strong>: Optimizes individual buildings by determining the best renovation actions bottom-up, starting on component-level.</li><li><strong>Portfolio Strategy Design</strong>: Optimizes across multiple buildings to balance <strong>cost, CO₂ reduction, and compliance </strong>top-down, but also taking into account all individual buildings' specificities on component-level granularity.</li></ul><h3><strong>Can I customize targets and KPIs?</strong></h3><p>Yes. You can adjust <strong>25+ different KPIs</strong>, including:</p><ul><li>Return on Investment (ROI)</li><li>CAPEX budgets</li><li>CO₂ reduction targets</li><li>Indicative EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) levels</li><li>Energy usage and OPEX</li><li>...</li></ul><h3><strong>What are the standard out-of-the-box Optiml strategies?</strong></h3><p>Before you get to work yourself, Optiml already serves you<strong> 4 default strategies</strong> to get you started.</p><p>Tip: Instead of starting your own asset or portfolio strategy from scratch, save time by duplicating one of the default strategies as starting point for your customization!&nbsp;</p><ul><li><strong>Status Quo:</strong> considers no interventions until 2050 and aims to represent that everything stays as it is.</li><li><strong>Minimum Cost: </strong>an un-constrained strategy that tries to reduce life cycle costs as much as possible by 2050. That considers Capex and Opex including energy costs - all on a building level.</li><li><strong>Feasible Low CO2: </strong>optimized<strong> </strong>sweet spot between life cycle costs and life cycle emissions until 2050.</li><li><strong>Minimum Total CO2: </strong>aims to reduce all life cycle emissions (Scope 1, 2, and parts of Scope 3 (embodied emisisons of components) until 2050.</li></ul><h3><strong>How does the optimization work?</strong></h3><p>Optiml uses <strong>decision tree models</strong> to:</p><ul><li>Determine <strong>which upgrades to prioritize</strong> (e.g., heat pumps, window replacements).</li><li>Calculate the <strong>best timeline</strong> for renovations.</li><li>Consider <strong>CapEx, OpEx, and financial returns</strong>.</li><li>Ensure compliance with <strong>CRREM pathways and net-zero goals</strong>.</li></ul>

<h2><strong>🔧 1. Solar PV in Onboarding (Asset Editor)</strong></h2><p>The Onboarding step defines the <i>current state</i> of the asset — what is installed and how the energy system operates today. If you do not have PV installed already, you can skip this step.</p><p>Where to add this? on Asset Overview, click on “Edit asset data”, scroll to Solar, and toggle it on. If your asset does not have Solar PV installed at the moment, leave the toggle off.</p><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/8e591405-4688-49fc-9436-e0191d3129ea"></figure><figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">Field</th><th>Description</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>PV installed (Yes/No)</strong></td><td>Whether the building currently has a PV installation.</td><td>If no PV exists, you can still define how a potential PV system should behave (for strategy use).</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Income from PV grid exports goes to</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">Allows to model certain regulations that forbid landlords from generating an income when installing PV systems. Options:<br>- Landlord<br>- Tenant</td><td>Example: income from grid exports = 1000, PV maintenance cost = 400. Setting "tenant": landlord gets 400, tenant gets 600. Setting "landlord": landlord gets 1000.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Last installation year</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">If PV is installed already, you can set the year of it’s installation. We use this to propagate expected end of life and replacement cycles.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Installed area</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">If PV is installed already, you can set the currently installed PV area.</td><td>We will automatically compute the expected installation in kWp, based on a standard panel efficiency of 22%.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Maintenance costs (LC/year)</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">Running costs for PV operation and maintenance.</td><td>Used for landlord cost accounting and profit-sharing scenarios. Not required, if not given, we have our own data on PV maintenance costs.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Zones served by PV</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">If PV is installed already, choose which zones are served by PV electricity:&nbsp;<br>– <strong>Common area only</strong> (linked to “common area” zone)&nbsp;<br>– <strong>Whole building</strong> (all zones grouped)&nbsp;<br>– <strong>None (100% exported to grid)</strong></td><td>This defines which parts of the building use PV electricity. Other zones always take electricity from the grid. When PV serves zones where the landlord pays the energy costs, no income is generated — it only reduces energy costs for the landlord.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>In-house sell price for PV electricity (LC/kWh)</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">Price at which PV electricity is sold to tenants. Represents income for the landlord.</td><td>It is the price that the tenant pays to the landlord for PV electricity. Required if PV supplies tenant zones. Default = 0 The in-house sell price only applies when tenants pay for their own electricity (defined in onboarding contracts).</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;"><strong>Offset exports</strong></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">If enabled, PV exports to the grid are treated as negative operational emissions, reducing total operational asset emissions.</td><td>Default = <i>off</i>; can be activated manually. If set to true, the default Optiml strategies will always consider negative emissions.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2>☀️&nbsp;1.1 Solar PV potential in Asset Overview</h2><p>In order to compute current or future Solar PV yields, we retrieve solar irradiation data via the Google Solar API. You can review the estimated potential of your asset on Asset Overview in the “Building” tab. This is simulated automatically, but you have the ability to adjust the Solar roof area in Asset edit directly. The Solar roof area represents the maximum area of the roof, where PV panels can be installed.</p><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/22135718-8571-4330-84ca-a2d7b0986172"></figure><p>To adjust the available Solar roof area click “Edit asset data”, scroll to “Possible energy systems”, go to “Solar PV”, toggle it on and set the potential area yourself:</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/ed01988b-30bd-4606-b3b9-1975e4370320"></figure><h2>☀️&nbsp;1.3 Adjust Feed in tariff and import price on Asset Overview</h2><p>You can explore the currently retrieved feed in tariff and the electricity price from the grid (unit rates) on the Asset Overview page in the “Context tab”:</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/a64de0f4-b7b7-4edb-a132-0a86d4e3bca3"></figure><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Description</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Feed in tariff (LC/kWh)</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Feed-in tariff for electricity exported to the public grid. This can be set in the energy carrier section of the “Asset edit” modal.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Defines income from PV exports to the grid.</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Unit rate (LC/kWh)</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Electricity price for imported grid power.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>If you want to change the current electricity carrier that was retrieved for this asset, you can simply click on “Edit asset data”, scroll to “Energy carriers”, select to add a new energy carrier and define a new electricity carrier from scratch. You can also set globally available energy carriers on the organizational level, simply go to the homepage of your organization - Data - Context - Energy carriers. You will be able to create energy carriers for certain locations, so that they are automatically available for all assets in a given location.</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/6542dc0f-e939-4331-8f0a-621240e9e413"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/516adad6-38bc-47aa-b9c6-8cbaf5c449d1"></figure><h2>🧮 2. Solar PV in the Asset Strategy Designer (ASD / PSD)</h2><p>The <strong>ASD</strong> allows you to model <strong>future investment or optimization scenarios</strong>, including new or modified PV installations.</p><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:33.58%;"><img src="https://cdn-assets.productfruits.com/a74f7c31-58ab-4373-b0cd-a4429796c16f"></figure><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;">Field</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Description</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Zones served</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Define which zones the strategy’s PV installation serves:&nbsp;<br>– <strong>Common area only</strong>&nbsp;<br>– <strong>Whole building</strong>&nbsp;<br>– <strong>None (100% exported to grid)&nbsp;</strong><br>If a new PV system is <strong>added by a strategy</strong>, the selected “PV serves” configuration applies to all years of that strategy. PV sizing is optimized for the selected areas.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">If the asset already has PV installed, this overrules it. You can experiment with what would happen if the zone allocation changed?&nbsp;<br>Electricity not used on-site is exported to the grid at the <strong>grid sell price</strong>.<br>Default if not set: Whole building.</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>In-house price (LC/kWh)</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;width:235.66666666666666px;">Required input if PV serves tenant zones where tenants pay for the energy costs themselves. Determines the electricity price the landlord charges for PV supply.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Default = 0</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Offset exports</strong></th><td style="width:235.66666666666666px;">If enabled, PV exports to the grid are deducted from operational emissions in each year and affect the decarbonization pathway of the asset.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Default = off<br>PV-generated electricity used in-house always reduces grid consumption (Scope 2).<br>PV exports can optionally generate negative Scope 2 emissions (if toggle enabled).</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Battery</strong></th><td style="width:235.66666666666666px;">You can allow the simulation to consider installing a battery to optimize self consumption.</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>💸 3. PV Income and cost distribution summary</h2><p>Depending on contract setup and strategy design, PV income is split as follows:</p><figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;">Case</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Who pays for electricity</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">PV serves</th><th style="vertical-align:top;">Income distribution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Case 1</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Landlord pays whole building electricity</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Whole building</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">No income for landlord on in-house consumption (only cost savings). However, Landlord receives feed-in income at grid sell price</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Case 2</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Tenants pay their own electricity</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Whole building</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Landlord earns income from PV electricity sold to tenants at the in-house sell price</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Case 3</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">Landlord pays common area electricity only</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Common area</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">No income (savings only for landlord)</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align:top;"><strong>Case 4</strong></th><td style="vertical-align:top;">-</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">None, 100% exported to grid</td><td style="vertical-align:top;">Landlord/Tenant receives feed-in income at grid sell price.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>

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